River birch (Betula nigra) Flower, Leaf, Care, Uses

River birch has shallow roots, so you need to ensure they receive the water you are pouring. You can irrigate and create drip lines near the soil top. Make sure the topsoil remains moist between watering sessions.

Fertilization

You can use any commercial or organic fertilizer for your river birch, if it's growing slowly. To make sure the roots absorb the fertilizer, irrigate the area beneath the tree and supply granular fertilizer through the drip line.

Pruning

Trim the diseased, withered leaves once a month.

Soil

Sand, Clay, Loam, Chalky, Sandy loam, Acidic, Neutral, Alkaline

Sunlight

Full sun, Partial sun

Know the light your plants really get.

Find the best spots for them to optimize their health, simply using your phone.

Download the App

A Botanist in Your Pocket

Scan QR code to download

River birch

Water

Every 1-2 weeks

Sunlight

Full sun

Hardiness Zones

4 to 9

Planting Time

Spring, Early summer, Fall, Early winter

Download and print this plant care card and attach it to your plants

Download

Questions About River birch

Watering

Pruning

Sunlight

Temperature

Fertilizing

What's the best method to water my River birch?

You might want to put a garden hose at the plant base to ensure that you're promoting excellent root development. Avoid directly spraying the leaves, and know that the leaves will require more watering if they are outdoors and facing direct sunlight. You can also use bubblers that you can put on to each plant to moisten the roots. Also, use soaker hoses that can cover the entire garden or bed when adding or removing plants to push the roots deeply. Drain any excess water and wait for the soil to dry before watering. Water at ground level to prevent diseases. On a sunny day, you might want to spray the entire bush with water. Whether potted or in-ground, please remember River birch prefers deep watering over light sprinkling.

What should I do if I water River birch too much/too little?

An overwatered River birch can start to have leaves that turn yellow, drop off and wilt. The plant can also look dull and unhealthy, with signs of mushy stems. When they are beginning to show these signs, it's best to adjust your schedule whenever possible.

The wilting can also be a sign of under watering as well. You might see that the leaves begin to turn crispy and dry while the overwatered ones will have soft wilted leaves. Check the soil when it is dry and watering is not enough, give it a full watering in time. Enough water will make the River birch recover again, but the plant will still appear dry and yellow leaves after a few days due to the damaged root system. Once it return to normal, the leave yellowing will stop .

Always check the moisture levels at the pot when you have the River birch indoors. Avoid overwatering indoors and see if there are signs of black spots. If these are present, let the soil dry in the pot by giving it a few days of rest from watering.

Overwatering can lead to root rot being present in your plant. If this is the case, you might want to transfer them into a different pot, especially if you see discolored and slimy roots. Always prevent root rot as much as possible, and don't let the soil become too soggy.

You should dig a little deeper when you plant your River birch outdoors. When you check with your fingers and notice that the soil is too dry, it could mean underwatering. Adequate watering is required to help the plant recover.

How often should I water my River birch?

The River birch likes deep and infrequent watering. You would want to soak them in a gallon of water each time, especially when they are planted in pots. The water storage of flower pots is limited and the soil will dry out faster. Watering is required every 3 to 5 days when living in a cold region. Water it early in the morning when the soil is dry, outdoors or indoors. You can also determine if watering is needed by checking the soil inside. When the top 2-3 inches of soil is dry, it is time to give the plant a full watering. During hot days, you may need to check the moisture daily, as the heat can quickly dry out the soil in the pot.

Irrigation of the soil is also required if you have a garden. When you live in a hot climate, you might want to water once a week. Only water when you notice that about 2 to 3 inches of soil become too dry outdoors or indoors. Consider the amount of rainwater on the plant and ensure not to add to it to prevent root rot.You may not need additional watering of the plants if there is a lot of rainfall.River birch generally grows during spring and fall. When they are outdoors, you need to add mulch about 3 to 4 inches deep to conserve more water.

You need to water the plants more frequently in sandy soil because this type tends to drain faster. However, with the clay one, you need to water this less frequently where you could go for 2-3 days to dry the plant and not develop any root rot. You could mark the date on the calendar whenever you water and when you notice that the leaves are starting to droop. This can mean that you might be a day late.

How much water do I need to give my River birch?

The River birch generally needs about a gallon of water each schedule,With the potted plants, you might want to water them deeply until you see that the water is dripping at the bottom of the pot. Then, wait for the soil to dry before watering them again. You can use a water calculator or a moisture meter to determine the amount you've given to your plant in a week. Provide plenty of water, especially in the flowering period, but let the moisture evaporate afterwards to prevent root rot.

If River birch is planted outdoor with adequate rainfall, it may not need additional watering. When River birch is young or newly planted, make sure it gets 1-2 inches of rain per week. As River birch continues to grow, it can survive entirely on rainfall. Only when the weather is too hot, or when there is no rainfall at all for 2-3 weeks, then consider giving River birch a full watering during the cooler moment of the day to prevent the plant from suffering from high heat damage. Additional watering will be required during persistent dry spells.

Should I adjust the watering frequency for my River birch according to different seasons or climates?

The River birch needs outdoors come from rain, with only persistent dry weather requiring watering. Throughout the spring and fall growing seasons, the soil needs to be kept moist but not soggy, and alternating dry and moist soil conditions will allow the River birch to grow well. Throughout the summer, hot weather can cause water to evaporate too quickly, and if there is a lack of rainfall, you will need to water more frequently and extra to keep it moist.

Usually, the River birch will need less water during the winter. Since the River birch will drop their leaves and go dormant, you can put them into a well-draining but moisture-retentive soil mixture like the terracotta to help the water evaporate quicker. Once your River birch growing outdoors begins to leaf out and go dormant, you can skip watering altogether and in most cases River birch can rely on the fall and winter rains to survive the entire dormant period.

After the spring, you can cultivate your River birch and encourage it to grow and bloom when the temperature becomes warmer.This plant is not generally a fan of ponding or drought when flowering. You must ensure that the drainage is good at all times, especially during the winter.

When the plant is in a pot, the plant has limited root growth. Keep them well-watered, especially if they are planted in pots during summer. They don't like cold and wet roots, so provide adequate drainage, especially if they are still growing.

It's always best to water your River birch’s diligently. Get the entire root system into a deep soak at least once or twice a week, depending on the weather. It's best to avoid shallow sprinkles that reach the leaves since they generally encourage the growth of fungi and don't reach deep into the roots. Don't allow the River birch’s to dry out completely in the fall or winter, even if they are already dormancy.

Don't drown the plants because they generally don't like sitting in water for too long. They can die during winter if the soil does not drain well. Also, apply mulch whenever possible to reduce stress, conserve water, and encourage healthy blooms.

What should I be careful with when I water my River birch in different seasons, climates, or during different growing periods?

If planting in the ground, River birch mostly relies on rain. However, if there is no rainfall for 2-3 weeks, you may need to give proper consideration to giving the plants a deep watering. If watering River birch in summer, you should try to do it in the morning. A large temperature difference between the water temperature and the root system can stress the roots. You need to avoid watering the bushes when it's too hot outside. Start mulching them during the spring when the ground is not too cold.

The age of the plants matter. Lack of water is one of the most common reasons the newly planted ones fail to grow. After they are established, you need to ease off the watering schedule.

Reduce watering them during the fall and winter, especially if they have a water-retaining material in the soil. The dry winds in winter can dry them out, and the newly planted ones can be at risk of drought during windy winter, summer, and fall. Windy seasons mean that there's more watering required. The ones planted in the pot tend to dry out faster, so they need more watering. Once you see that they bloom less, the leaves begin to dry up.

Potted plants are relatively complex to water and fluctuate in frequency. Always be careful that the pot-planted plant don't sit in the water. Avoid putting them in containers with saucers, bowls, and trays. Too much watering in the fall can make the foliage look mottled or yellowish. It's always a good idea to prevent overwatering them regardless of the current climate or season that you might have. During the months when River birch begins to flower, you might want to increase the watering frequency but give it a rest once they are fully grown.

Give them an adequate amount of water once every 3 to 5 days but don't give them regular schedules. Make sure the soil is dry by sticking your finger in the pot, or use a moisture meter if you're unsure if it's the right time. Too much root rot can cause them to die, so be careful not to overwater or underwater regardless of the climate or season you have in your area.

Why is watering my River birch important?

Watering the River birch helps transport the needed nutrients from the soil to the rest of the plant. The moisture will keep this species healthy if you know how much water to give. The watering requirements will depend on the weather in your area and the plant's soil.

The River birch thrives on moist soil, but they can't generally tolerate waterlogging. Ensure to provide enough mulch when planted on the ground and never fall into the trap of watering too little. They enjoy a full can of watering where the water should be moist at the base when they are planted in a pot to get the best blooms.

If they are grown as foliage, you need to water them up to a depth of 10 to 20 inches so they will continue to grow. If it's raining, refrain from watering and let them get the nutrients they need from the rainwater.

Is pruning necessary for my River birch?

Despite having a relatively fast habit of growth, River birch does not require very much pruning. It is not necessary to routinely prune this tree, however, it does require some pruning every once in a while. Pruning can be done to tidy this tree up and remove any diseased or damaged foliage. Or River birch can be pruned for shaping.

When is the best time to prune my River birch?

River birch should be pruned as needed. Typically, these trees should be pruned to remove any damaged, yellowing, dying, or dead foliage. It is also necessary to prune this plant to remove any shoots that are congested or are crossing. The best time to prune River birch is between late winter to early spring. This is the period when pruning causes the least damage to the plant.

How can I prune my River birch?

Pruning River birch is a fairly easy task if you know what to look for. To prune these trees, you will need a pair of sharp pruning shears. Using your pruning shears, remove any damaged or diseased parts of the tree. Keep an eye out for any shoots that are becoming congested or are beginning to cross and remove them. Ideally, you should steer clear from pruning any of the tree’s lower limbs. Leaving these intact will allow the tree to have a more natural and open form. Additionally, leaving the lower limbs alone will help to prevent any disease-inducing stress, as well as suckers from forming.

What should I do after pruning my River birch?

There are no special requirements to follow after you have pruned your River birch. It is recommended, however, that you dispose of any diseased foliage that has been removed from the tree away from any other plants. This is to avoid spreading the disease to other plants. After pruning your River birch, you may apply a fertilizer treatment to encourage faster growth. Do not water the plants immediately after pruning as this can lead to fungal infestation of the plants through the wounds.

What should I be careful with when pruning my River birch during different growing stages?

The best time to prune River birch is between late winter to early spring. This is the period when pruning causes the least damage to the plant. Keep an eye out for any shoots that are becoming congested or are beginning to cross and remove them. Ideally, you should steer clear from pruning any of the tree’s lower limbs. Leaving these intact will allow the tree to have a more natural and open form. This will increase ventilation and light, reduce disease infection and allow River birch to grow more vigorously. When pruning branches you need to leave the strong ones and remove the weak ones, keeping healthy auxiliary branches that grow outwards at about 45 degrees. Branches that are too angled or too small should be removed. Pruning Saw is required if the branch is more than three quarters of an inch in size, pruning should be done in the direction of the "Branch bark ridge" to the "Branch collar" to allow for good healing. Branches that require a saw need to be pruned using the "three-cut method", which prevents the bark of the branch from tearing and creating cracks in the trunk, which can be detrimental to the recovery of the plant. Finally, you may prefer to just trim off dead or damaged portions of the plant to keep it looking its best as if it's possible. This can be done at any time of year. Diseased or damaged stems should be cut right at the soil line and removed completely.

Are there any tips for pruning my River birch?

The best thing to remember about River birch is that they do not require routine pruning. Your tree will likely grow better if you prune it as and when it is necessary and no more than that. Additionally, you should also keep in mind that it is better to leave the lower limbs of this tree alone to prevent stress-induced diseases from attacking your tree. Different diameter branches require different pruning tools. If the tree is too tall, pruning needs to be done safely or by a professional.

How much/long should River birch get sunlight per day for healthy growth?

For healthy growth, make sure that River birch receives at least 3–6 hours of sun each day. This is actually a minimum requirement—most plants that can handle part sun can also thrive in full sun, but because they require less light for photosynthesis, they are more flexible than plants that require full sun or part shade.

What type of sunlight does River birch need?

River birch does best with exposure to full or part sun. They will perform best with direct morning light, but in summer they need protection from the strong afternoon sun. In temperate environments, too much hot afternoon sun can burn the leaves, damaging the plant's appearance and health.

Can sunlight damage River birch? How to protect River birch from the sun and heat damage?

River birch planted indoors can easily be damaged by direct sunlight when it's moved outdoors. The best way to prevent sunburns from overexposure is to move pots gradually from a shaded area to a brighter spot, gradually. But even plants that are acclimated to the summer sun can be damaged by extreme heat. In a heatwave, it is important to keep the soil consistently moist so that plants can cope with excessive levels of heat. Moving plants in containers to areas with afternoon shade or erecting a shade cloth over them can protect sensitive River birch during extreme weather events.

Does River birch need to avoid sun exposure? / Should I protect River birch from the sun?

While bright morning sun and some full sun exposure can be highly beneficial for River birch, the harsh, hot midday sun of summer can be too much to handle.

If planted in the ground, the summer sun will usually ramp up slowly enough through the season for River birch to gradually adapt to its intensity. But a potted plant that has been indoors or in a protected location will often suffer injury when placed suddenly into a location where the direct summer sun reaches it in the hottest part of the day.

To protect this plant from the brutal afternoon summer sun, plant or place it in an understory location where it is shaded at midday by taller trees and plants or by a building or landscape feature.

What will happen if River birch gets inadequate sunlight?

When River birch receives too little sun, they may become pale green or display drooping, yellow leaves. While some leaf drop is normal, if leaves are dropping but no new ones are growing in to replace them, it is a sign that something is wrong. If River birch receiving inadequate light does manage to grow, the new growth is often spindly, pale, and prone to insect infestation. Paying attention to these signs and changing the lighting conditions of the plant will make a significant difference.

Does River birch need special care about sunlight during its different growth stages?

Tender, new leaves are especially sensitive to sunburn. Bearing this in mind, very young River birch and when it's in a strong growth phase, such as in late spring and early summer, will be more sensitive to harsh sun and heat than the mature one or those in a more dormant fall growth stage. River birch fresh from a nursery is also usually not prepared for strong full sunlight and must be introduced to it slowly.

Are there any cautions or tips for sunlight and River birch?

Recently transplanted River birch will often experience a bit of shock and will need to be cared for carefully, either shaded from bright afternoon sun or placed in a protected area. On very hot days, you may see the leaves of River birch drooping—this is usually nothing to worry about. Plants will send the water in their leaves down into their roots to protect them from burning. However, if the leaves are still drooping in the evening or the next morning, the plant needs water. Always avoid watering during the hottest times of day, as sunlight can hit wet leaves and scorch them easily.

River birch that has been underwatered will be weaker than that with consistently moist soil. This can leave it with weak roots that are unable to protect the leaves on hot, sunny summer days by diverting water away from the leaves. Care for an underwatered plant by giving it a long, deep watering and then allowing the top two inches of soil to dry out before the next watering. Even if it loses its leaves, if cared for properly it will grow new ones.

What is the optimal temperature for River birch?

The best temperature for River birch to thrive is 65~80℉(18~27℃). During the primary growing phase, the highest temperature tolerable would be 95℉(35℃), while the lowest tolerable temperature would be 15℉(-10℃). This species is tolerant of low temperatures and will survive freezing winters. The perfect, highest, and lowest temperature range:

Perfect：65~80℉(18~27℃)

Highest：85~95℉(30~35℃)

Lowest：-5~15℉(-20~-10℃) or below

Should I adjust the temperature for River birch during different growing phases?

Research shows that River birch will begin to exhibit signs of stunted growth during prolonged periods of higher temperatures, especially during the development of axillary buds and the growth of main shoots. Keeping the temperatures consistent and cooler, around 65℉(18℃), will encourage vigorous growth after germination or transplanting.

How can I keep River birch warm in cold seasons?

River birch can withstand freezing temperatures when planted in the ground in areas that don’t get below of 15℉(-10℃) as an extreme temperature during the winter months. But if planted in pots or containers, then their roots must be protected from the winter cold. Do this by wrapping the container in a blanket or bringing it inside where it will be fully protected from the elements.

What damage will River birch suffer if the temperature is too high/low?

Greater harm will come to River birch if the temperature is consistently too high versus too low.

If River birch gets too hot, seed germination and photosynthesis efficiency is lessened due to hormone triggers caused by heat stress. The plant will show signs through wilting, leaf browning, and potentially death.

If River birch gets too cold, plant functions such as nutrient uptake and photosynthesis will cease, resulting in the possible death of the plant. If a single freezing event occurs during the growing season, then a membrane phase transition might occur, which can cause a cease in plant functions and death of the plant.

What tips and cautions should I keep in mind when it comes to temperature for River birch?

Keeping the soil temperature consistent is one of the most important strategies to keeping River birch healthy, which leads to successful budding, flowering, and new growth. Do this by consistently watering, adding mulch to bare soil, and planting in the shade.

How can I keep River birch warm without a heat pad?

Due to the cold tolerance of River birch, heating pads will not be necessary if planted outside in the ground. If the plant is in an outdoor pot, then bring it inside a heated house and place it in a sunny window during the winter months.

How can I provide River birch with an adequate temperature condition?

To ensure adequate temperature conditions are present, plant River birch in an area with partial shade. If possible, use afternoon shade to provide the best protection during the hottest part of the day. This will also result in lower temperatures in the soil due to increased moisture retention. If River birch is planted indoors, then keep the container away from windows and out of direct sunlight during the summer months to prevent the soil temperature from spiking daily.

How can I save River birch from temperature damage?

During the summer or times of high heat, give River birch extra shade and water to help cool its leaves, roots, and soil. During cold snaps or growing season freezes, cover sensitive budding vegetation with frost cloth or water using sprinkler systems. If it’s only nearing freezing temperatures for a short period, then water during the day several hours before the freeze. If the temperature is predicted to remain below freezing for an extended period, then keep the sprinkler running until the temperature rises above freezing the following day.

Should I adjust the temperature for River birch in different seasons?

River birch is a mid-temperature plant that can easily tolerate the typical fluctuations of the seasons and remain a hardy species when planted in maintained landscapes areas, containers, or indoors. Therefore, adjusting the temperature during the different seasons is unnecessary for primary growth. If flowering is stunted or impeded, then allowing the plant to experience a season of winter freeze could help to revive flowering.

Under what conditions should I stop adjusting the temperature for River birch?

If it becomes too difficult to lower the temperature for an indoor plant during the summer, then plant it outside in the ground or in a container. Make sure to plant River birch in a shaded location and water often to keep the soil moist.

Why do I need to fertilize my River birch?

Regardless of which kind of River birch you own, regular fertilization will help you grow a plant that has great overall health. The proper supply of nutrients leads to more vigorous growth and can help your River birch be more resilient to tough growing conditions while also gaining a better ability to fight off diseases and pests.

The foliage of your River birch is one of its most attractive features, which is why you should do all you can to keep it intact. Again, this means creating and adhering to a regular fertilization schedule that is specific to your River birch. Doing so will prompt your River birch to develop leaves with a deep color and a lush overall look.

When is the best time to fertilize my River birch?

The first time that you should fertilize your River birch is during the late winter or early spring. This type of fertilization gives your River birch all the nutrients it needs to resume healthy growth once the weather gets warm enough.

It is also beneficial to many River birch to provide an additional fertilizer feeding during early fall if you in a warm climate region. Fertilizing in early fall not only adds additional nutrients to the soil, which your River birch will use in the following growing season, but it also helps your River birch be a bit more hardy and capable of surviving the winter cold without experiencing foliage damage. Earlier fertilisation will ensure that the new branches have enough time to grow to withstand the cold winter.

When should I avoid fertilizing my River birch?

There are a few times during the year when you should not fertilize your River birch. The first time occurs during the early and mid-winter months, during which time your River birch will be dormant and in no need of feeding.

It is also unwise to fertilize this plant during the late spring and all of the summer. During that time of year, the weather will likely be hotter and can be much dryer as well. Both conditions make it more likely that your River birch will have a very negative response to fertilization. To avoid such issues, stick to a fertilization schedule that involves feeding exclusively during early spring and early fall.

What type of fertilizer does my River birch need?

In most cases, the most important nutrient for a River birch is nitrogen, but that does not mean that phosphorus and potassium are unimportant. On the contrary, your River birch likely needs a decent amount of all three main nutrients, which is why a balanced fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10, can work well.

However, a more nuanced ratio of nutrients often leads to optimal growth for a River birch. Often, fertilizers that are a bit higher in nitrogen work a bit better. For example, a ratio of 10-6-4 can often work well. When fertilizing, you can use a granular fertilizer or a liquid-based one.

How do I fertilize my River birch?

To fertilize your River birch using a granular fertilizer, all you need to do is sprinkle the fertilizer on the soil at the correct time. The slow-release nature of granular fertilizer will release nutrients into the soil slowly over time. As is usually the case, it's best to water your River birch, at least lightly, before applying fertilizer.

As an alternative, you can use a liquid fertilizer, but this is less common. To use this approach, mix your fertilizer with water, then pour the water onto the soil around the base of your River birch. At times, it is beneficial to perform a soil test before fertilizing to see if you will need to alter the pH at all.

What happens if I fertilize my River birch too much?

Overfertilization is always a risk when you are feeding a River birch. Overfertilization is especially likely if you feed this plant at the wrong time of year, feed it too often, or feed it without watering the soil first.

When overfertilization takes place, your River birch may begin to develop brown leaves. Your River birch can also show stunted growth in some cases. On the other hand, it is also possible that too much fertilizer can prompt your River birch to rapidly produce too much new growth, much of which will be weak and prone to breaking. Weak new wood can also detract from the overall form and structure of your River birch.

Get tips and tricks for your plants.

Keep your plants happy and healthy with our guide to watering, lighting, feeding and more.

More About How-Tos

Explore 6 of plant how-tos on Feng shui direction, Water, Lighting, Temperature, Transplant, etc.

Feng shui direction

East

The river birch is visually pleasing, reinforcing positive chi, or energy. It may harmonize well with an East-facing location, possibly due to the traditional belief that wood element, which river birch represents, thrives in the East. However, Feng Shui interpretations vary and one's personal Qi interaction is pivotal.

Water

Every 1-2 weeks

River birch comes from regions in North America, including the eastern and central United States. It thrives in wetlands, along riverbanks, and in floodplains. As a native of these riparian habitats, river birch has evolved to withstand high levels of moisture and flooding. This plant's preference for moist soil indicates its need for regular watering. It is important to mimic its native environment by keeping the soil consistently moist, but not excessively waterlogged, to ensure its health and vitality.

Lighting

Full sun

River birch thrives most when allotted with generous exposure to sunlight throughout the day. However, it can also adapt to instances with lesser sunlight availability. During each growth stage, consistent light exposure guarantees its well-being, as reflected in its initial habitat. Both overexposure and insufficient light can impede its growth.

Temperature

-25 38 ℃

In its native growth environment, river birch is accustomed to varying temperatures that range between 5 ℉ (-15 ℃) to 35 ℉ (2 ℃). The tree prefers warm summers and mild winters, with a preference for a minimum temperature of 2 ℉ (-17 ℃) in the winter season. During summer, the tree doesn't do well in high temperatures that exceed 100 ℉ (38 ℃) and will benefit from partial shade during those times.

Transplant

20-30 feet

River birch, growing optimally in moderate climates, prefers transplanting during the cool, moist periods of late fall to early spring (S1-S3) which supports ideal root establishment. It favors sun-bathed locations with well-drained soils. Be gentle during transplantation to avoid root damage.

Pollination

Normal

Witness the marvel of nature with river birch, an intriguing plant that primarily entrusts its pollination to the whimsical dance of the wind. Delicate, pollen-loaded staminate catkins elegantly sway, liberating pollen grains that journey through the air to receptive pistillate catkins, their wind-driven waltz key to river birch's survival. This awe-inspiring display usually finds its rhythm in the spring, serenading windy days with a flutter of pollination promise.

Beeches, walnuts, and allied trees

Common Pests & Diseases

Common issues for River birch based on 10 million real cases

Longhorn beetles

The longhorn beetle is a medium- to large-sized insect with very long antennae and strong jaws. Both its adult and larval stages gnaw on tree trunks, leaving small, round holes.

Solutions: Some longhorn beetles species are native insects, and they cause little damage. Therefore, these don't warrant control. Other longhorn beetles species are invasive pests that were recently introduced from other areas. These species can cause a great deal of damage to hardwood trees. Apply an insecticide containing imidacloprid as a soil injection or trunk injection following product instructions. This will enter into new grow and kill adults who feed on foliage. This will not help save trees that are already infested with large amounts of larvae, but it will save trees located near an infested tree. Contact an arborist for best control practices regarding infected trees. To properly control longhorn beetles, all host plants in a given area must be treated. Contact a local extension agent or state agency. Tracking the spread of longhorn beetles is a key component of their control.

Brown spot

This infection can cause brown spots or patches to appear on the plant.

Solutions: In minor cases of brown spot, there isn’t any need to treat the disease. However, if much of the foliage is affected and defoliation occurs, the plant will benefit from getting rid of the infection. It is recommended to start by applying organic treatment options, working up to the more potent synthetic, chemical fungicides if necessary. Organic options won’t kill the fungus, but will prevent it from spreading. Dissolve ½ teaspoon of baking soda and one teaspoon of liquid soap in a gallon of water. Using a spray bottle, spray on tops and bottoms of leaves until the mixture drips off. Repeat every two weeks until existing spots stop enlarging and new spots no longer appear. Spray a copper-based fungicidal soap on the leaves, coating the top and bottom leaf surfaces. Reapply as directed on the product label. Copper penetrates the leaf surface and prevents germination of spores so the fungus cannot spread. Apply an all-purpose fungicide to the entire plant, following the label instructions carefully.

Plant dried up

The entire plant may dry out due to dieback or normal seasonal dormancy.

Solutions: The solution for a dried out plant depends on the cause, so determine the cause before selecting a treatment method. Adjust your watering: Stick your finger in the soil near the roots. If it feels bone dry or overly saturated, you need to adjust your watering frequency accordingly. Prune back dead foliage: Snip off any brown stems and leaves on the plant to make space for new growth. This encourages the roots to send up fresh stems. Move to a proper environment. This may involve decreasing or increasing sun exposure, depending on the species. Decrease fertilizer applications. If you have applied too much fertilizer, you can repot plants with fresh potting soil. Wait. If your plant has dried out as daylight is decreasing, it is entering dormancy. Decrease watering and wait until the plant resumes growth.

Sap-sucking insects

Sap-sucking insects can create dense clusters of small yellow or white spots on the leaves.

Solutions: Sap-sucking insects can be hard to spot, as they are often small and attach to the undersides of plant leaves. If you see signs of an infestation, follow these steps to eradicate it. Hand-pick bugs and remove eggs: Inspect your plants for insects and drop any you find in a container of soapy water. Look carefully at the undersides of plant leaves and squish any egg clusters you find. Use Insecticide: Targeted spraying can take out sap-sucking insects. Small infestations can be controlled with insecticidal soap, though larger outbreaks might require a stronger spray. Introduce natural predators: Many insects, including ladybugs and praying mantises, love to feast on sap-suckers. You can purchase them at garden stores and release them near infected plants, or encourage wild ones by creating habitat space.

Underwatering

A lack of water will cause the leaves to gradually turn yellow starting at the base of the branch while the entire plant appears to wilt.

Solutions: Your plant is very thirsty and needs water promptly. You can revive your plant by giving it water. The easiest technique is to slowly pour water into your plant’s soil so that the whole surface is moistened. If you pour the water too quickly, the water will flow directly through rather than diffusing throughout the soil. If your plant’s pot does not have drainage holes, do not give your plant more than about a third of the pot’s volume of water. If your plant’s pot does have drainage holes, you can add water slowly until the soil is thoroughly moistened and the water flows freely through the pot. If you trim off yellow leaves to improve the plant’s appearance, do not remove more than a third of the plant’s leaves. It may be better to wait until leaves have died and fallen off to remove them.

Aged yellow and dry

Natural aging can cause leaves to turn yellow and dry out.

Solutions: If the yellowing and drying of leaves and flowers is a natural progression due to age, nothing can be done to slow or stop the process. Once hormones within the plant begin the process of senescence, it’s irreversible.

Treat and prevent plant diseases.

AI-powered plant doctor helps you diagnose plant problems in seconds.

Distribution Map

Habitat

Streams, Swamps

Native

Cultivated

Invasive

Potentially invasive

Exotic

No species reported

More Info

Plant Type

Tree

Flower Color

Yellow

Brown

Green

Bloom Time

Spring

Leaf Color

Green

Yellow

Name story

River birch

All the species from the Betula genus are called birch because the genus name, Betula refers to the meaning of "birch tree". The habitat for this plant is wetland and it can grow up to 30 meters high in the lower basin of Mississippi River. With these considered, it deserves to live in water conditions, so it is commonly called river birch.

Black birch

This plant has become one of the most popular ornamental trees for sceneries. Besides having an upright stature, it comes with a special bark. Its mottled bark will grow with age and the lower part of the trunk will get darker as well。 Hence, it is called black birch.

Symbolism

Protection, Adaptability, Renewal

Usages

Garden Use

River birch is a deciduous tree or shrub that is prized for its attractive multicolored peeling bark. The green leaves are also striking, especially when they turn shades of yellow in fall. This is best grown as a specimen tree or a shade tree on lawns in larger gardens or public spaces. It also looks great in cottage gardens and informal gardens. Shade-loving plants like ferns are a great choice for underplanting this birch.

Scientific Classification

Phylum

Vascular plants

Class

Dicotyledons

Order

Family

Birch

Genus

Betula

Species

River birch

Find your perfect green friends.

Plan your green oasis based on your criteria: plant type, pet safety, skill level, sites, and more.

Related Plants

Brazilian vervain

Brazilian vervain (Verbena brasiliensis) is a perennial herb that grows in clumps. This plant can grow to be 91 to 183 cm tall and 30 to 91 cm wide. It has small purple flowers bloom from summer to the first frost of the year. Brazilian vervain blossoms are fragrant. This species grows best in full sunlight. It is drought and heat tolerant.

Thebrazilian vervain is a perennial flowering herb that looks beautiful in garden beds and borders. Although it is a reasonably hardy plant once mature, it does need a consistent level of care, so it may not be suitable for beginners. Recognized by its vibrant green foliage and delicate blooms, the brazilian vervain is loved by many because it attracts butterflies and bees.

Summer, autumn

Garden Usage

Brazilian-plume

Brazilian-plume (Justicia carnea) is a shrub species grows best in the shade, but can still grow in sunlight. Brazilian-plume is often commonly called the “Pine-Bur Begonia” and “Flamingo Flower.” This plant is native to South Africa. It is often planted in tropical gardens because of its bright pink foliage.

Kangaroo vine (Cissus antarctica) is a plant species native to Australia. Kangaroo vine grows in a widespread manner in warmer rainforest of Australia's coastal regions. This species is considered a true climbing vine.

Summer

Kangaroo vine

chinese mesona is an aromatic, drought intolerant herb that can be used in landscaping for groundcover and soil conservation. This plant is also used to produce a jelly-like dessert and its leaves are often dried for consumption. Chinese Mesona has been inter-planted with other crops such as maize or soya beans as it may deter some pests.

Spring, summer

Chinese mesona

Spring starflower (Ipheion uniflorum) is a plant species known for its star-shaped flowers and tall stems. It grows in early spring and grows from bulbs and self-seeding. This species grows well when planted in mass plantings, border plantings, and rock gardens.

Summer, Autumn

Spring starflower

Woodland elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpus sylvestris) is an evergreen tree that will grow from 12 to 18 m tall. It is native to China and can live from 50 to 150 years. It blooms from summer to fall with showy white, fragrant flowers. Produces a small black drupe type fruit that is edible. Prefers full sun to partial shade and moist soil. Attracts butterflies and bees.

Spring

Woodland elaeocarpus

Plant Collection Most Common Tree White mulberry See More A unique and easy-to-grow edible landscaping plant, the White mulberry is prized for its tasty fruits as well as its exquisite ornamental appeal. Originally native to China, this plant was valued for its role in silk production: silkworms will only eat the leaves of White mulberryContinue reading “Most Common Tree”

Plant Collection Best Perennial Plant to Grow Orange daylily See More The Orange daylily is a perennial plant known for its captivating lily-like blooms. Its natural habitats are meadows and forests, but it is also a common garden plant in temperate regions around the world. Each individual flower lasts only a day, but the plantContinue reading “Best Perennial Plant to Grow”

Plant Collection Suggested Plants to Build a Garden That Blooms All the Year Round Bearded iris See More BloomTime:Spring The Bearded iris is a flowering plant that appears in many different colors. It is a popular garden plant because it’s easy to grow. Though their native lands are in Europe, Bearded irises are often grownContinue reading “Suggested Plants to Build a Garden That Blooms All the Year Round”

12 Spectacular Fall-Color Trees

Plant Collection 12 Spectacular Fall-Color Trees When the days grow shorter and the air gets cooler, our disappointment is tempered by the stunning color show of autumnal foliage. If you’re a fan of vivid fall colors, consider the trees on this list for the next addition to your yard. Each one ignites with brilliant colorContinue reading “12 Spectacular Fall-Color Trees”

Plant Collection Best Perennial Plant to Grow China rose See More The China rose (Rosa chinensis) is a Southwest China native. The plant has been cultivated for so long that it has become hard to tell the difference between wild and cultivated varieties. With medium-sized clusters of flowers and a long blooming season, it isContinue reading “Best Perennial Plant to Grow”

Trim the diseased, withered leaves once a month.

Most Common Tree

View More Articles

Add to My Garden

River birch

Betula nigra

Also known as: Swamp birch

The river birch is a fast-growing tree that thrives in wet environments like floodplains, bottomland and along creeks and streams. It is a native of the Eastern United States. The river birch reaches heights from 15 to 27 m tall and grows an average of 91 cm per year.

Water

Every 1-2 weeks

Sunlight

Full sun

Care Guide for River birch

Water

Fertilization

Pruning

Soil

Sand, Clay, Loam, Chalky, Sandy loam, Acidic, Neutral, Alkaline

Sunlight

Full sun, Partial sun

Know the light your plants really get.

Find the best spots for them to optimize their health, simply using your phone.

Download the App

Questions About River birch

Watering

Pruning

Sunlight

Temperature

Fertilizing

What's the best method to water my River birch?

What should I do if I water River birch too much/too little?

How often should I water my River birch?

How much water do I need to give my River birch?

Should I adjust the watering frequency for my River birch according to different seasons or climates?

What should I be careful with when I water my River birch in different seasons, climates, or during different growing periods?

The age of the plants matter. Lack of water is one of the most common reasons the newly planted ones fail to grow. After they are established, you need to ease off the watering schedule.

Why is watering my River birch important?

Is pruning necessary for my River birch?

When is the best time to prune my River birch?

How can I prune my River birch?

What should I do after pruning my River birch?

What should I be careful with when pruning my River birch during different growing stages?

Are there any tips for pruning my River birch?

How much/long should River birch get sunlight per day for healthy growth?

What type of sunlight does River birch need?

Can sunlight damage River birch? How to protect River birch from the sun and heat damage?

Does River birch need to avoid sun exposure? / Should I protect River birch from the sun?

What will happen if River birch gets inadequate sunlight?

Does River birch need special care about sunlight during its different growth stages?

Are there any cautions or tips for sunlight and River birch?

What is the optimal temperature for River birch?

Should I adjust the temperature for River birch during different growing phases?

How can I keep River birch warm in cold seasons?

What damage will River birch suffer if the temperature is too high/low?

What tips and cautions should I keep in mind when it comes to temperature for River birch?

How can I keep River birch warm without a heat pad?

How can I provide River birch with an adequate temperature condition?

How can I save River birch from temperature damage?

Should I adjust the temperature for River birch in different seasons?

Under what conditions should I stop adjusting the temperature for River birch?

Why do I need to fertilize my River birch?

When is the best time to fertilize my River birch?

When should I avoid fertilizing my River birch?

What type of fertilizer does my River birch need?

How do I fertilize my River birch?

What happens if I fertilize my River birch too much?

Get tips and tricks for your plants.

Keep your plants happy and healthy with our guide to watering, lighting, feeding and more.

Download the App

More About How-Tos

Common Pests & Diseases

Common issues for River birch based on 10 million real cases

Longhorn beetles

The longhorn beetle is a medium- to large-sized insect with very long antennae and strong jaws. Both its adult and larval stages gnaw on tree trunks, leaving small, round holes.

Learn More

Brown spot

This infection can cause brown spots or patches to appear on the plant.

Learn More

Plant dried up

The entire plant may dry out due to dieback or normal seasonal dormancy.

Learn More

Sap-sucking insects

Sap-sucking insects can create dense clusters of small yellow or white spots on the leaves.

Learn More

Underwatering

A lack of water will cause the leaves to gradually turn yellow starting at the base of the branch while the entire plant appears to wilt.

Learn More

Aged yellow and dry

Natural aging can cause leaves to turn yellow and dry out.

Learn More

Treat and prevent plant diseases.

AI-powered plant doctor helps you diagnose plant problems in seconds.

Download the App

Distribution Map

Habitat

Streams, Swamps

Map

Native

Cultivated

Invasive

Potentially invasive

Exotic

No species reported

More Info

Plant Type

Tree

Flower Color

Yellow

Brown

Green

Bloom Time

Spring

Leaf Color

Green

Yellow

Name story

River birch

Black birch

Symbolism

Protection, Adaptability, Renewal

Usages

Garden Use

Scientific Classification

Phylum

Vascular plants

Class

Dicotyledons

Order

Beeches, walnuts, and allied trees

Family

Birch

Genus

Betula

Species

River birch

Find your perfect green friends.

Plan your green oasis based on your criteria: plant type, pet safety, skill level, sites, and more.

Download the App

Related Plants

Elaeocarpus sylvestris

Most Common Tree

12 Spectacular Fall-Color Trees

Most Common Tree