Mustard greens (Brassica juncea) Flower, Leaf, Care, Uses

Moisture-loving, keep the soil moist but do not let water accumulate.

Fertilization

Fertilization once in spring.

Pruning

Trim the diseased, withered leaves once a month.

Soil

Sand, Loam, Clay, Chalky, Neutral, Alkaline

Potting Suggestions

Needs excellent drainage in pots.

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Mustard greens

Water

Twice per week

Sunlight

Full sun

Hardiness Zones

4 to 11

Planting Time

Spring, Summer, Fall

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Questions About Mustard greens

Watering

Pruning

Sunlight

Temperature

Fertilizing

What is the best way to water my Mustard greens?

Not only does the Mustard greens have certain preferences regarding how much water it receives, but it also cares deeply about how you provide that water. In fact, if you don't use the proper watering technique, you risk harming your tomatoes. The best way to water Mustard greens is to apply the water directly to the soil in a slow and gentle manner. You should not pour all of the water into the soil at once, and you should not do overhead watering for your Mustard greens. Although you should water slowly, you should also water deeply to ensure that all of the soil in which your Mustard greens grows is sufficiently moist.

What should I do if I water my Mustard greens too much or too little?

If you find that you have overwatered your Mustard greens and you are concerned about the associated risk of disease, you should intervene immediately. Often the best approach for an overwatered Mustard greens is to uproot it from its current growing location. Once the plant is out of the ground, you can allow its roots to dry a bit before planting it in a new growing location. Ensure that the new growing location has soil with good drainage. If you grow in pots, you may also want to move your plant to a pot with more or larger drainage holes. In the case of underwatering, all you will need to do is increase the frequency with which you supply water to your plant.

How often should I water my Mustard greens?

Overall, Mustard greens requires a significant amount of water throughout the growing season. To meet that high water need, you'll need to water early and often throughout the spring and summer. During the earlier parts of the growing season, you should water your Mustard greens about once or twice per week. As the season progresses, you should increase your watering frequency. You may need to water it twice per day or more during summer, depending on the weather. After your Mustard greens have gone through their major seasonal growth phases, you can reduce the frequency of your watering to about once per week until the end of the growing season.

How much water does my Mustard greens need?

Since Mustard greens are incredibly popular, with many professional and amateur gardeners growing them successfully, we have a pretty clear idea of how to care for these plants. That understanding includes specific knowledge about the precise volume of water an average Mustard greens should receive. Generally, Mustard greens will require about 1 - 1.5 inches of water per week. That volume should be dispersed evenly through your weekly watering. As the weather gets warmer, you may need to supply more water, but in most cases, two inches per week is a good baseline amount.

How can I tell if i'm watering my Mustard greens enough?

Underwatering and overwatering can both occur as problems for your Mustard greens, and both these problems can manifest with similar symptoms. For example, foliage discoloration and wilting can both result from either overwatering or underwatering. When your Mustard greens is underwatered, its leaves will be curling and drooping at the beginning. You will see a bunch of leaves turn less vigorous. Underwatering is also likely to cause stunted growth and poor overall development as both the flowers and this plant require a high amount of water. Overwatering is more likely to lead to disease, including rot. Overwatering may also lead to unpleasant smells rising from your plant's soil. The symptoms of underwatering will show up quicker than overwatering. Overwatering can also be evident in soil conditions. Mainly, if you notice a lot of standing water or waterlogged soils, overwatering is likely to occur.

How should I water my Mustard greens through the seasons?

As alluded to above, your Mustard greens's water needs will repeatedly change throughout the seasons. During most of spring and summer, you should water your Mustard greens about once every week. As the heat of summer arrives, you should plan to increase your watering frequency to once or twice per day. In the late summer and fall, towards the end of the harvest period, you can reduce your watering frequency to about once per week. After harvest has ended, you can cease watering as your Mustard greens has reached the end of its life cycle and will require no further soil moisture.

The maintenance schedule of Mustard greens will require you to alter the amount of water you provide depending on the plant's current growth stage. Early on, especially if you grow your Mustard greens from seeds, you'll need to provide water often enough to maintain consistent soil moisture, which encourages root development. When the plant becomes old enough to produce flowers, it will likely need even more water. During the fruit development growth stage, your Mustard greens will likely need the most water out of any growth period, at times requiring water more than twice per day. Following that phase, the water needs of Mustard greens will decline significantly.

What's the difference between watering Mustard greens indoors and outdoors?

Whether you grow Mustard greens indoors or outdoors can also play a role in how you water them. Mustard greens that grows outdoors may receive water from natural rainfall, which will reduce the amount of supplemental water you should supply. However, it is incredibly rare for rainfall to adequately replace your watering entirely. Plants that grow indoors, along with any Mustard greens that grows in a container, will need to be watered more frequently than those that grow in the ground outdoors. If you choose this route, please make sure that the plant gets enough water by checking the soil moisture within your pot often to keep your Mustard greens healthy.

Is pruning necessary for my Mustard greens?

Mustard greens is a kind of annual plant so it doesn't need much pruning. You only need to cut off and clean the diseased, yellow or dropped leaves and stems during its growing period. This will help your Mustard greens to stay away from pathogens infection.

How do I prune my Mustard greens?

During the growth of the plant, yellowing, drying and spotted leaves are produced, and these spotted and discolored leaves need to be trimmed off. If the whole piece of leave is discolored or infected, you will need to cut it off completely. In other situations, you will only need to cut off the discolored or infected part on certain leaves. Mustard greens above the ground will die and dry up in the winter, and the dead plants need to be cleaned up.

Are there any cautions I should be careful with when pruning my Mustard greens?

Mustard greens leaves are delicate, so take care not to score or bruise them. Unless the leaves are withered or heavily discolored, do not prune the leaves from the lowermost branches unless they’re damaged. They typically grow the largest, so they supply the plant with critical energy to keep it growing right. Please prevent the wounds from water after pruning until they are fully recovered. Remember always sterilize the tools before pruning. When the pruning is finished, please throw all the waste leaves and stems into the trashbins to avoid diseases and bugs.

Are there any tips for pruning my Mustard greens?

Sterilize all the tools before pruning; unclean tools will pass pathogens to the plant through wounds;
Prune on sunny days because the new cuts will be infected by pathogens if they're distained by rain or water.
Throw all the waste leaves and stems into trashbins, they will easily rot and attract diseases and bugs

When should/shouldn't I prune my Mustard greens?

Expect to prune your Mustard greens every week if it’s growing well or every two weeks if it grows slowly. It is always good to prune it on sunny days because if you prune it on rainy days, the rainwater will distain the cuts and cause the whole plant to be infected.

What should I look for when pruning my Mustard greens in different seasons?

Because Mustard greens is an annual plant, the pruning should take place basically during the seasons that the plant grows rapidly. During the growth of the plant, yellowing, drying and spotted leaves are produced, and these spotted and discolored leaves need to be trimmed off.

How much sunlight does Mustard greens need to grow?

Exact needs vary, but a minimum of 6 to 8 hours per day is a good rule of thumb for Mustard greens to grow and produce fruit.

What type of sunlight does Mustard greens need?

Mustard greens requires full sun, meaning that it should be grown in a location that gets direct sunlight that isn’t blocked by obstacles such as trees, fences, or buildings. In general, the faster the plant grows, the more hours of sunlight it will need. Morning sun is best for photosynthesis.

Should I protect Mustard greens from sun exposure?

Mustard greens should not need to be protected from the sun in most climates. Those who live in a desert or near the equator may find that the sun is too harsh for the types of plants they want to grow, but this is the exception.

What will happen if Mustard greens doesn't get enough sunlight?

All plants need sunlight to convert into energy. Plants that have a short growing season need even more light and energy than those that grow slowly, as they need to complete all their processes to grow and produce fruit within just a few months.

The first symptoms of insufficient sunlight in Mustard greens are pale and yellow leaves that are not able to generate enough chlorophyll to keep their healthy green color. The leaves may eventually fall off, and new growth is small and weak. The plant may become leggy and sparse as it stretches toward the available light.

Finally, without enough light the plant will not be able to produce large, high-quality edible leaves or fruit. Mustard greens needs to devote a lot of energy into growing leaves and fruits, so if there isn’t enough light available for it to convert, the harvest will suffer.

What will happen if Mustard greens gets too much sunlight?

Mustard greens can get sunburned from intense sunlight, especially when coupled with high temperatures and not having enough water. Afternoon sun tends to be most likely to burn plants. Scalded leaves develop faded patches of light brown to white on the areas at the top of the plant that are exposed to the most sun. They are especially vulnerable to this right after being transplanted from a shadier location to being in full sun. Transitioning plants gradually or providing them with a barrier while they are adjusting can help prevent sunscald in young plants.

In many cases, Mustard greens develops leaves that are large enough to protect fruits from the strongest rays of the sun. However, if intense sunlight is in contact with fruits, they can also be damaged. Avoid over-pruning those protective leaves so that the fruits don’t get burned.

Are there any cautions or tips for sunlight and Mustard greens?

Mustard greens may become unbalanced if it gets significantly more light on one side than the other. Ideally, you can plant your Mustard greens in a location away from obstacles that might block light, and where the distribution of sunlight is even on all sides.

Be careful about planting tall species next to those that grow closer to the ground. It may not be obvious when the crops are first planted, but over time the taller plants may begin to block the amount of sunlight that can reach the shorter plants.

Morning sun helps to dry dew and precipitation, which helps prevent infection from diseases that can develop when water sits on the plant. If you are watering or irrigating your Mustard greens, this should be done in the morning.

What is the optimal temperature for Mustard greens?

There is an ideal temperature range that makes Mustard greens feel at home. Under these temperature conditions, it's unlikely that you’ll have any issues with cold or hot damage to the foliage, but changing leaf colors can absolutely be a sign that Mustard greens isn’t happy. Try to keep your Mustard greens well within its preferred range of 70-85℉(21-30℃), but don’t panic if the temperature creeps up past 85℉(30℃) during the day or down to 70℉(21℃) at night.

How can I protect Mustard greens from extreme temperatures outdoors?

If your Mustard greens happens to be planted outside, then there’s not much you can do to try to move it indoors. However, you can certainly provide cover in ways that will help it survive any extreme temperatures that may arise unexpectedly. For instance, you can always use a few stakes and some cloth to put together a shade tent that will block out much of the sun’s intense heat from direct sunlight exposure.

Similarly, Mustard greens can be protected from the extreme cold and especially chilly winds by building a small greenhouse around the plant, which will create a greenhouse effect and warm the plant up. This can be done using garden stakes and any sort of clear or translucent plastic you may have around; if you have greenhouse plastic such as polycarbonate laying around, this works perfectly. Remove the greenhouse once temperatures warm up to 40℉(10℃) at night.

Does Mustard greens need different temperatures in different seasons?

Generally speaking, Mustard greens needs to stay within its preferred temperature range all year long. However, that doesn’t mean that care should stay the same all year long. During the warmest months of the year, Mustard greens will need a little extra shade and a bit more of a breeze to help it cope with the hottest days. On the other hand, it may need to be moved away from chilly windows and doors during the cooler months in climates where temperatures drop below 40℉(10℃) at any point in the year.

What is the best way to maintain the right temperature for my Mustard greens?

Keeping your Mustard greens at the right temperature can be fairly simple. Depending on where you grow it, Mustard greens can be fairly easy to accommodate. For indoor growing, you can easily move the plant to different locations within your indoor space that best meet its temperature requirements. Avoid placing it near air conditioning vents, heaters, doors that open frequently, or drafty windows.

It is a little more difficult to control the temperature around your Mustard greens if it’s grown outside. Of course, if it’s planted in a pot, you can simply bring it indoors when the temperatures outside get too hot or too cold for Mustard greens, but otherwise, you may need to take different measures to protect it from extreme heat or cold that may damage it irreversibly. Try placing Mustard greens under cover to protect from both the harsh sun that can overheat it and any cold wind that could be potentially deadly for your plant.

Why do I need to fertilize my Mustard greens?

While all plants require certain essential nutrients to develop properly, Mustard greens has particular needs because it is grown specifically for its edible leaves. Each of the main nutrients that plants use (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) contribute to one or more of a plant’s essential functions, and in the case of foliage it is nitrogen that provides the most support. It can be difficult for a Mustard greens to get enough nitrogen from the soil to develop a satisfying harvest, which is why many gardeners prefer to supplement by feeding Mustard greens heavily with a source of nitrogen.

When is the best time to fertilize my Mustard greens?

There are several points during the growing season that you should apply fertilizer to benefit your Mustard greens. The initial application occurs when you prepare the ground to be planted, at least 2 to 8 weeks before planting, amend the soil thoroughly with nutrient-rich organic material such as compost or manure.

Amend the soil again at planting time, using the same method. After your seedlings emerge, wait until they reach around 2 inches tall before applying the next dose of fertilizer. After that, you can continue to regularly feed your Mustard greens with rich organic matter or a commercial fertilizer until you harvest. A typical schedule would be to fertilize every two to three weeks. It is also a good idea to add a layer of compost or manure around the plant to provide a continuous supply of nutrients.

When should I avoid fertilizing my Mustard greens?

Remember that nitrogen-rich fertilizers are best for growing a lot of healthy foliage, so be careful about applying this near other vegetable plants that need to focus their energy on fruiting instead of foliage. You could end up with a vegetable plant that produces lots of leaves but very few vegetables.

Avoid letting any type of fertilizer touch or splash onto the leaves of your Mustard greens, since this will burn them. It is a good idea to apply it at least a couple of inches away from the base of the plant.

If your Mustard greens is unhealthy due to disease, pests, drought, or other reasons, it should not be fertilized until those other issues are resolved. Fertilizer can give a boost to otherwise healthy plants, but it can actually cause damage if applied while the plant is not in good condition.

What type of fertilizer does my Mustard greens need?

There is not a one-size-fits-all answer to the best type of fertilizer for Mustard greens, since the right depends on the specific type of plant being grown, the environmental conditions, and most importantly the composition of the soil. However, as Mustard greens requires a lot of nitrogen, it is generally a safe bet to use high-nitrogen fertilizers. Manure or compost is the best choice for amending soil at the beginning of the growing season, and then feeding for the rest of the season can be done with a dry or liquid fertilizer. Feed lightly during the seedling stage, then steadily increase as the plant matures.

Many people find that vegetables grown with organic fertilizers have a superior taste to those grown with chemical fertilizers, but both will work. Some popular high-nitrogen organic options include fish emulsion, soil meal, compost tea, alfalfa meal, blood meal, and chicken manure.

When using chemical fertilizers, check the NPK number which indicates the relative proportion of the three macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the mixture. Since you want a high-nitrogen option, choose one where the first number is highest such as a 13-2-5, or even one that only contains nitrogen like a 16-0-0.

How do I fertilize my Mustard greens?

There are several ways to fertilize your Mustard greens, depending on the type of fertilizer. For amending soil, the method is to dig at least 6 inches (and preferably deeper) into the soil and then incorporate your amendment at a 2:1 ratio of soil to amendment material. Mix them together well.

Granular or powder fertilizers should be spread around the base of the plant in the amount recommended by the retailer. It is a good idea to mix this material into the top layer of soil to prevent it from washing or blowing away. Apply fertilizer about 2 to 3 inches away from the plant to avoid fertilizer burn. Always water thoroughly immediately after adding a dry fertilizer to soil.

Water soluble chemical fertilizers can be dissolved into water and then that diluted fertilizer mix is used to water plants. This method will only be suitable if you water your Mustard greens from a container and not by irrigation or other methods.

What happens if I fertilize my Mustard greens too much?

Nitrogen in particular can cause fertilizer burn so using high-nitrogen fertilizer does carry some risks. Over-fertilizing results in stunted growth, outer outer leaves turning yellow, and possibly wilting. Since Mustard greens grows fast and is harvested within just a few months of planting, it may not be worthwhile to try to save an over-fertilized patch of garden. Instead, start over with new seeds in another part of the garden and consider it a lesson learned about how much fertilizer is needed to suit your specific conditions.

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More About How-Tos

Explore 5 of plant how-tos on Feng shui direction, Water, Lighting, Temperature, Transplant, etc.

Feng shui direction

Southwest

Mustard greens in the Southwest area of your space potentially heightens prosperity aura due to its lush green hue offering Wood energy, according to Feng Shui. However, as Feng Shui comprehension varies, this placement could resonate differently for individual practitioners.

Water

Twice per week

Mustard greens prefers moderately moist soil conditions and consistent watering. Its origin in various environments, ranging from arid to wet, makes it adaptable to a range of watering preferences. During hot weather, pay attention to soil moisture to avoid excessive drying.

Lighting

Full sun

Mustard greens needs a plentiful amount of solar exposure for healthy growth, thriving well with substantial daylight while withstanding a moderate reduction in sunlight. Originating from places with generous sunlight, the plant requires such conditions throughout its different growth stages. Both overexposure and underexposure can negatively impinge on its development.

Temperature

10 to 35 ℃

Mustard greens is a plant native to temperate regions, thriving in temperatures ranging from 68 to 100 °F (20 to 38 ℃). It favors warm climates and may need adjustments to its environment throughout seasonal changes to maintain optimal growth conditions.

Transplant

6-12 inches

For mustard greens, the ideal transplanting period is between late spring and mid-fall when temperatures are conducive for growth. Select a spot with well-drained soil in a sunny location. Remember to provide a little extra care during the acclimatization period for a successful transplant.

Mustards, capers, and allies

Common Pests & Diseases

Common issues for Mustard greens based on 10 million real cases

Caterpillars

Caterpillars are fleshy moth or butterfly larvae that come in an array of colors, patterns, and even hairstyles. They chew on leaves and flower petals, creating large, irregular holes.

Solutions: Even though caterpillars are diverse, they all chew on plant parts and can cause significant damage if present in large numbers. For severe cases: Apply insecticide. For an organic solution, spray plants with a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which specifically affects the larval stage of moths and butterflies. Be sure to coat plants, since caterpillars need to ingest Bt for it to be effective. This will not harm other insects. Spray a chili extract. Chili seeds can be cooked in water to make a spicy spray that caterpillars don't like. Spray this mixture on the plants, but be aware it will also be spicy to humans. Introduce beneficial insects. Release beneficial insects to the garden that eat caterpillars, such as parasitic wasps. For less severe cases: Hand pick. Using gloves, pick off caterpillars on plants and dispose of them in a bucket of soapy water. Dust plants with diatomaceous earth. This powder is harmless to humans but irritates caterpillars. Therefore, it will make it difficult for caterpillars to move and eat.

Leaf beetles

Leaf beetles are a class of colored insects 1 to 2 cm in size. They gnaw on leaves and petals resulting in small, round holes scattered over the surface.

Solutions: For less serious cases: Remove beetles, nymphs, and eggs. Remove all life stages of the beetles and kill them by placing them in a bucket of warm, soapy water. This can be done more easily by placing the bucket under affected leaves and shaking the plant. This method is most effective in the afternoon when leaf beetles are more active. Always dispose of insects in a sealed bag or container to avoid escape and spread. To treat more serious infestations: Apply organic insecticides. Use naturally-derived insecticides before moving on to synthetic insecticides. Neem oil and pyrethrum are naturally-derived insecticides that should be applied following label instructions. Apply synthetic insecticides. Examples of insecticides effective for leaf beetles include carbaryl, permethrin, and bifenthrin. Apply insecticides according to label instructions.

Leaf miners

Leaf miners scar the leaves with curved white streaks or rounded white spots with brown centers.

Solutions: Leaf miners, although relatively harmless at first, can quickly multiply and devastate your plants in the coming weeks. For severe cases: Spray an organic insecticide. For an organic solution, spray a diluted mixture of azadirachtin, a compound derived from neem seeds, above and below leaves. Spray a synthetic insecticide. Spray a product that contains spinosad, such as Entrust, making sure to cover all sides of the leaves. Introduce beneficial insects. Introduce beneficial insects that eat leaf miners, such as parasitic wasps or Syrphid flies. For less severe cases: Prune infected tissue. Remove and dispose of leaves that have any sign of leaf miner damage.

Plant dried up

The entire plant may dry out due to dieback or normal seasonal dormancy.

Solutions: The solution for a dried out plant depends on the cause, so determine the cause before selecting a treatment method. Adjust your watering: Stick your finger in the soil near the roots. If it feels bone dry or overly saturated, you need to adjust your watering frequency accordingly. Prune back dead foliage: Snip off any brown stems and leaves on the plant to make space for new growth. This encourages the roots to send up fresh stems. Move to a proper environment. This may involve decreasing or increasing sun exposure, depending on the species. Decrease fertilizer applications. If you have applied too much fertilizer, you can repot plants with fresh potting soil. Wait. If your plant has dried out as daylight is decreasing, it is entering dormancy. Decrease watering and wait until the plant resumes growth.

Leaf deformity

Leaf deformities can have a variety of causes.

Solutions: Follow these steps to revive plants with abnormal leaves. Remove damaged leaves: Plants can recover from damage when given the time to do so. Remove any deformed leaves so they don't continue drawing energy from the plant. This also creates room for healthier ones to grow. Stop using herbicide: Though herbicide damage is challenging to diagnose, gardeners can potentially prevent deformed leaves by not using any and by strictly following manufacturers instructions. Spray insecticide: Prevent pests from inhabiting plant leaves by spraying with insecticide regularly and practicing good natural pest prevention techniques. Apply a balanced fertilizer: Solve nutrient deficiencies and excesses by using a well-balanced fertilizer (organic or conventional both work) before planting, and consider topdressing when signs of stress are apparent. Fix watering schedule: If plant leaves are curled downward due to too much or too little water, adjust the watering schedule so the soil is moist, but not damp. Remove infected plants: If the plant has succumbed to a viral infection, not much can be done to revive it. Remove and destroy all compromised plant material to prevent spread to other plants.

Sap-sucking insects

Sap-sucking insects can create dense clusters of small yellow or white spots on the leaves.

Solutions: Sap-sucking insects can be hard to spot, as they are often small and attach to the undersides of plant leaves. If you see signs of an infestation, follow these steps to eradicate it. Hand-pick bugs and remove eggs: Inspect your plants for insects and drop any you find in a container of soapy water. Look carefully at the undersides of plant leaves and squish any egg clusters you find. Use Insecticide: Targeted spraying can take out sap-sucking insects. Small infestations can be controlled with insecticidal soap, though larger outbreaks might require a stronger spray. Introduce natural predators: Many insects, including ladybugs and praying mantises, love to feast on sap-suckers. You can purchase them at garden stores and release them near infected plants, or encourage wild ones by creating habitat space.

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Distribution Map

Habitat

Cornfields

Native

Cultivated

Invasive

Potentially invasive

Exotic

No species reported

More Info

Plant Type

Herb

Flower Color

Yellow

Bloom Time

Summer

Leaf Color

Green

Symbolism

Fertility, Protection, Mental powers

Scientific Classification

Phylum

Vascular plants

Class

Dicotyledons

Order

Family

Cruciferae

Genus

Kales

Species

Mustard greens

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