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Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Dryopteris dilatata 'Crispa Whiteside'
Also known as : Shield fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Hardiness Zones
Hardiness Zones
6 to 8
care guide

Care Guide for Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Watering Care
Watering Care
Details on Watering Care Watering Care
Soil Care
Soil Care
Chalky, Sand, Acidic, Neutral, Alkaline
Details on Soil Care Soil Care
Ideal Lighting
Ideal Lighting
Partial sun, Full shade
Details on Sunlight Requirements Ideal Lighting
Ideal Temperature
Ideal Temperature
6 to 8
Details on Temperature Ideal Temperature
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Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Water
Water
Twice per week
Sunlight
Sunlight
Partial sun
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Questions About Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Watering Watering Watering
Pruning Pruning Pruning
Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight
Temperature Temperature Temperature
What should I do if I water my Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' too much or too little?
Overwatered Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' Despite how much it loves water, it is possible to overwater the Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'. This is most likely to happen if you leave your plant sitting in a pool of water or use a planter that doesn’t have drainage holes. Either of those conditions will be too wet and will prevent the roots from being able to take up nutrients and moisture. Too much moisture in the soil can also allow fungal or bacterial diseases to develop. Wilted and yellow leaves are the initial symptoms of overwatering. Over time, the stems may droop and fall over, or begin to feel soft and mushy. However, be sure to check for other causes if you suspect your Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' is overwatered, since other issues can look similar and it’s difficult to give this plant too much water. Underwatered Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' Vigilance is required to keep this plant wet enough, unless you’re using a self-watering planter, meaning that many fern owners inadvertently let their plant get too dry now and then. In dry conditions, this plant can change in appearance seemingly overnight, from lush and green to brown and crispy. In extreme cases, the plant may dry up so thoroughly that it seems there are no living fronds left. But it may still be possible to save the plant if some of the roots are still healthy. Cut off all of the dry and dead stems, then water thoroughly and return the plant to its usual location. Unless the roots are all dead, this plant can be surprisingly resilient and start putting out new fronds. It may take several months to grow back to the size it was before, but this is possible if you provide proper care in that time.
Read More more
How can I water my Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' properly?
Your Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' prefers consistently moist soil that mimics its native enironment, which could mean watering as often as every one or two days. This is a plant that should not be allowed to dry out. Once the top layer of soil begins to feel even slightly dry, it’s time to water again. And don’t just give it a few drops of water: soak the soil completely until water drains out from the bottom of the pot. After the excess water has drained out, dump it so the pot isn’t sitting in a puddle. This is the best method to ensure that soil never gets too dry.
Read More more
What should I consider when watering my Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
The amount of humidity in the air around your Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' will influence how often you need to water it. Higher humidity in the air means less frequent watering, as evaporation is slower. Keeping this plant near a heating or cooling vent will cause it to dry out quickly, so choose a location that is protected from any type of draft. They prefer dappled and indirect sunlight and temperatures between 55-80 degrees F (13-27 degrees C) meaning that keeping these ferns in a warm and sunny spot windowsill could cause them to get dehydrated quickly. Rainwater or distilled water is great for this plant if you have access to it, although tap water in most places also works fine. Certain minerals and chemicals in tap water can cause brown leaf tips, especially since Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' has very thin and delicate leaves. Small pots can cause issues for Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' , because they only hold a small amount of potting medium and can dry out more quickly. It is best to allow this plant more space in the pot than many other houseplants. Consider using a self-watering planter for Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'. This type of pot uses a wicking system that allows the soil to continuously soak up water from a central reservoir, meaning that the moisture level in the soil stays consistently moist. Not only does this type of pot keep you from having to constantly water your fern, but it is also quite beneficial for the roots to have a constant supply of water instead of going from dry to wet and then back again.
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Key Facts About Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Attributes of Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

Lifespan
Perennial
Plant Type
Fern
Plant Height
1 m
Spread
1.2 m
Leaf type
Deciduous
Ideal Temperature
10 - 32 ℃

Trivia and Interesting Facts

Scientific Classification of Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Common Pests & Diseases About Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Common issues for Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' based on 10 million real cases
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Leaf yellowing
Leaf yellowing in Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' primarily indicates stress or disease, leading to a reduction in the plant's photosynthetic capacity and overall health. This condition may result in slower growth and, if untreated, potential death of the plant.
Leaf rot
Leaf rot Leaf rot
Leaf rot
This pathogen can cause the leaves to rot.
Solutions: Bacterial infections need to be treated quickly to prevent the spread to neighboring, healthy plants, potentially wiping out large sections of your indoor or outdoor garden. In mild cases: Use sterilized (10% bleach solution) pruning shears or scissors to remove any infected plant parts, making sure to dispose of them off site. Use a copper-based bactericide to treat the unaffected foliage, as well as the soil, and neighboring plants. Follow the manufacturer’s rate and timing directions found on the product label. In severe cases, where more than half the leaves are affected: Remove all of the infected plants from the garden, disposing of them off site. Treat the soil and neighboring plants using a copper-based bactericide. Follow the manufacturer’s rate and timing directions found on the product label.
Leaf beetles
Leaf beetles Leaf beetles
Leaf beetles
Leaf beetles are a class of colored insects 1 to 2 cm in size. They gnaw on leaves and petals resulting in small, round holes scattered over the surface.
Solutions: For less serious cases: Remove beetles, nymphs, and eggs. Remove all life stages of the beetles and kill them by placing them in a bucket of warm, soapy water. This can be done more easily by placing the bucket under affected leaves and shaking the plant. This method is most effective in the afternoon when leaf beetles are more active. Always dispose of insects in a sealed bag or container to avoid escape and spread. To treat more serious infestations: Apply organic insecticides. Use naturally-derived insecticides before moving on to synthetic insecticides. Neem oil and pyrethrum are naturally-derived insecticides that should be applied following label instructions. Apply synthetic insecticides. Examples of insecticides effective for leaf beetles include carbaryl, permethrin, and bifenthrin. Apply insecticides according to label instructions.
Leaf tips withering
Leaf tips withering Leaf tips withering
Leaf tips withering
Low air humidity can cause the edges of the leaves to dry out.
Solutions: If your plant has only a few dried tips, complete the following: Increase humidity. Increase the humidity around your plant by misting it with a spray bottle daily. Alternatively, you can use a humidifier. Water plant. If your soil is dry, water until the soil is moist but not damp. Water again when soil dries out. If a large portion of the leaves is suffering from dry tips, complete the following: Prune away affected tissue. Using sharp and clean pruning shears, remove the dried out tips using clean cuts to avoid harming healthy tissue. Plant tissue will heal on its own, but you can apply a pruning seal for extra protection.
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plant poor
Leaf yellowing
Overview
Symptom
Causes
Treatment
Prevention
Active Period
What is Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
What is Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
Leaf yellowing in Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' primarily indicates stress or disease, leading to a reduction in the plant's photosynthetic capacity and overall health. This condition may result in slower growth and, if untreated, potential death of the plant.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
In Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside', yellowing usually begins at older leaves before spreading. Signs include pale or yellow leaves, often combined with slowed growth and drooping leaves in severe cases.
What Causes Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
What Causes Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
1
Nutrient deficiency
Insufficient essential nutrients, particularly nitrogen, magnesium, and iron.
2
Water stress
Both underwatering and overwatering can contribute to leaf yellowing.
3
Pest infestation
Pests such as aphids and mites can cause stress and damage, leading to yellowing leaves.
4
Fungal infections
Fungi like root rot and mildew can disrupt nutrient uptake, causing symptoms of yellowing.
How to Treat Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
How to Treat Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
1
Non pesticide
Proper watering: Ensure the soil is moist but well-drained to avoid water stress.

Nutrient management: Supplement with iron, nitrogen, and magnesium fertilizers as per soil test results.
2
Pesticide
Fungicide application: Use fungicides to control root rots and mildew.

Pesticide use: Apply appropriate pesticides to manage pests like aphids and mites.
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Leaf rot
plant poor
Leaf rot
This pathogen can cause the leaves to rot.
Overview
Overview
Leaf rot is very common among both house plants and garden plants. It affects foliage and occurs mainly when the leaves become wet due to rain or misting by the gardener. The cause is fungal disease and this is facilitated by the fungal spores adhering to wet leaves then penetrating the leaf and expanding rapidly. Damp conditions and poor air circulation will increase chances of infection taking place. Another factor are leaves that are damaged or have been penetrated by sap sucking insects that facilitate plant penetration.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
  1. Spores are able to cling to a damp leaf and penetrate, often through an existing wound.
  2. A small dark brown mark appears which expands rapidly as sporulation starts to take place.
  3. Quite quickly these bull's eye like circles can link together and the whole leaf turns dark and loses texture.
  4. Leaf drop occurs.
Disease Cause
Disease Cause
These symptoms are caused by a bacterial infection invading the plant. Bacteria from many sources in the environment (air, water, soil, diseased plants) enter a plant through wounds, or in some cases the stomata when they are open. Once inside the leaf tissue, the bacteria feed and reproduce quickly, breaking down healthy leaves.
Bacterial infections threaten most plant species, and are more prominent in wet weather that more easily transfers the bacteria from plant to plant, or from soil to plant.
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Leaf beetles
plant poor
Leaf beetles
Leaf beetles are a class of colored insects 1 to 2 cm in size. They gnaw on leaves and petals resulting in small, round holes scattered over the surface.
Overview
Overview
Leaf beetles range in size from 1.5 mm to 2 cm. Both adult beetles and their larvae eat the leaves of many different types of plants. There are over 35,000 different species of leaf beetles, in a variety of colors including gold, green, yellow-striped, and red striped. Some of these have been mistaken for ladybirds because of their shape and coloring. They can be oval, round, or elongated in shape. These insect pests are most active in spring and summer.
If not controlled, leaf beetles can do a lot of damage to vegetable crops and ornamental plants. They feed on the leaves, flowers, stems, roots, and fruits of different plants. They can fly, which means it's easy for them to move from one plant to another. Some species of leaf beetles only target one specific crop, while others will target many different types of plants. Although a lot of the damage that they cause is cosmetic, an infestation can weaken a plant and leave it prone to other more problematic diseases.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
The first signs of a leaf beetles infestation are small visible holes in leaves. Leaves then become discolored and dark beetle droppings can be seen. As the leaves turn yellow and brown, they will drop off the plant onto the ground. Some leaves will appear skeletonized with only the veins still remaining.
Infestation begins in spring, when the adult beetles emerge from the soil and lay their eggs on the leaves of plants. When these eggs hatch, the young nymphs start munching on the leaves as they grow up. Once leaf beetles are large and mature, they'll fall to the ground and pupate in the soil over winter before starting the cycle all over again.
Leaf beetles also eat holes in fruits and vegetables. These can be seen as small round holes that sometimes have a larger brown area surrounding them.
Solutions
Solutions
For less serious cases:
  1. Remove beetles, nymphs, and eggs. Remove all life stages of the beetles and kill them by placing them in a bucket of warm, soapy water. This can be done more easily by placing the bucket under affected leaves and shaking the plant. This method is most effective in the afternoon when leaf beetles are more active. Always dispose of insects in a sealed bag or container to avoid escape and spread.
To treat more serious infestations:
  1. Apply organic insecticides. Use naturally-derived insecticides before moving on to synthetic insecticides. Neem oil and pyrethrum are naturally-derived insecticides that should be applied following label instructions.
  2. Apply synthetic insecticides. Examples of insecticides effective for leaf beetles include carbaryl, permethrin, and bifenthrin. Apply insecticides according to label instructions.
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Leaf tips withering
plant poor
Leaf tips withering
Low air humidity can cause the edges of the leaves to dry out.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
The tips and the edges of the plants’ leaves are dried out and brown. They may be crunchy when touched. This is caused by low humidity and/or a lack of water.
Solutions
Solutions
If your plant has only a few dried tips, complete the following:
  1. Increase humidity. Increase the humidity around your plant by misting it with a spray bottle daily. Alternatively, you can use a humidifier.
  2. Water plant. If your soil is dry, water until the soil is moist but not damp. Water again when soil dries out.
If a large portion of the leaves is suffering from dry tips, complete the following:
  1. Prune away affected tissue. Using sharp and clean pruning shears, remove the dried out tips using clean cuts to avoid harming healthy tissue. Plant tissue will heal on its own, but you can apply a pruning seal for extra protection.
Prevention
Prevention
Many houseplants come from moist tropical areas with high humidity.
To prevent dry and brown tips, you should complete the following:
  1. Water regularly. Water when soil is dry.
  2. Keep humidity high. Keep moisture high by regularly misting the air or using a humidifier.
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care_scenes

More Info on Broad Buckler Fern 'crispa Whiteside' Growth and Care

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Basic Care Guide
Common Pests & Diseases
Transplant
24-36 inches
Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' thrives when transplanted between mid-spring and early summer or in early winter. Choose a shaded, moist, and well-drained location for best results. Ensure the site has rich, humus-like soil for optimal growth.
Transplant Techniques
Pruning
Early spring, Late winter
Characterized by its intricately crinkled fronds, broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' thrives with minimal pruning, focusing on the removal of dead or damaged fronds. Prune in early spring or late winter to encourage healthy new growth. Timely pruning ensures the plant maintains its aesthetic and prevents common fern diseases by enhancing air circulation. This not only helps in maintaining the plant's ornamental appeal but also in promoting a robust, disease-free growth.
Pruning techniques
Propagation
Spring,Autumn
Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' thrives best when propagated via division. Carefully divide the rootball in early spring, ensuring each section has several fronds and a segment of the root system. Replant the divisions at the same depth they were growing at previously, maintaining adequate moisture and indirect light to encourage successful reestablishment.
Propagation Techniques
Leaf yellowing
Leaf yellowing in Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' primarily indicates stress or disease, leading to a reduction in the plant's photosynthetic capacity and overall health. This condition may result in slower growth and, if untreated, potential death of the plant.
Read More
Dark blotch
Dark blotch, a fungal disease, significantly affects Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'. It leads to discolored patches on leaves, potentially causing leaf drop and reduced vigor, ultimately threatening the plant's health and aesthetics.
Read More
Notch
The 'Notch' disease specifically targets 'Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'', leading to severe deformities and inhibited growth, potentially compromising plant vitality if unmanaged. Interventions are critical for maintaining health and aesthetic appeal of the plant.
Read More
Leaf tip withering
Leaf tip withering significantly impacts 'Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'' by compromising its aesthetics and overall health. The disease, typically visualized as browning or dry tips on the fern's fronds, diminishes plant vigor and may inhibit growth.
Read More
Whole leaf withering
Whole leaf withering primarily affects Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside', manifesting as widespread leaf decay and reduced vigor. The disease could severely impact plant health and aesthetics if untreated.
Read More
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Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Dryopteris dilatata 'Crispa Whiteside'
Also known as: Shield fern 'Crispa Whiteside'
Hardiness Zones
Hardiness Zones
6 to 8
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Care Guide for Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Questions About Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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What should I do if I water my Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' too much or too little?
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How can I water my Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' properly?
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What should I consider when watering my Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
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Key Facts About Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Feedback
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Attributes of Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

Lifespan
Perennial
Plant Type
Fern
Plant Height
1 m
Spread
1.2 m
Leaf type
Deciduous
Ideal Temperature
10 - 32 ℃
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Trivia and Interesting Facts

Scientific Classification of Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Common Pests & Diseases About Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'

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Common issues for Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' based on 10 million real cases
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Leaf yellowing
Leaf yellowing in Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' primarily indicates stress or disease, leading to a reduction in the plant's photosynthetic capacity and overall health. This condition may result in slower growth and, if untreated, potential death of the plant.
Learn More About the Leaf yellowing more
Leaf rot
Leaf rot Leaf rot Leaf rot
This pathogen can cause the leaves to rot.
Solutions: Bacterial infections need to be treated quickly to prevent the spread to neighboring, healthy plants, potentially wiping out large sections of your indoor or outdoor garden. In mild cases: Use sterilized (10% bleach solution) pruning shears or scissors to remove any infected plant parts, making sure to dispose of them off site. Use a copper-based bactericide to treat the unaffected foliage, as well as the soil, and neighboring plants. Follow the manufacturer’s rate and timing directions found on the product label. In severe cases, where more than half the leaves are affected: Remove all of the infected plants from the garden, disposing of them off site. Treat the soil and neighboring plants using a copper-based bactericide. Follow the manufacturer’s rate and timing directions found on the product label.
Learn More About the Leaf rot more
Leaf beetles
Leaf beetles Leaf beetles Leaf beetles
Leaf beetles are a class of colored insects 1 to 2 cm in size. They gnaw on leaves and petals resulting in small, round holes scattered over the surface.
Solutions: For less serious cases: Remove beetles, nymphs, and eggs. Remove all life stages of the beetles and kill them by placing them in a bucket of warm, soapy water. This can be done more easily by placing the bucket under affected leaves and shaking the plant. This method is most effective in the afternoon when leaf beetles are more active. Always dispose of insects in a sealed bag or container to avoid escape and spread. To treat more serious infestations: Apply organic insecticides. Use naturally-derived insecticides before moving on to synthetic insecticides. Neem oil and pyrethrum are naturally-derived insecticides that should be applied following label instructions. Apply synthetic insecticides. Examples of insecticides effective for leaf beetles include carbaryl, permethrin, and bifenthrin. Apply insecticides according to label instructions.
Learn More About the Leaf beetles more
Leaf tips withering
Leaf tips withering Leaf tips withering Leaf tips withering
Low air humidity can cause the edges of the leaves to dry out.
Solutions: If your plant has only a few dried tips, complete the following: Increase humidity. Increase the humidity around your plant by misting it with a spray bottle daily. Alternatively, you can use a humidifier. Water plant. If your soil is dry, water until the soil is moist but not damp. Water again when soil dries out. If a large portion of the leaves is suffering from dry tips, complete the following: Prune away affected tissue. Using sharp and clean pruning shears, remove the dried out tips using clean cuts to avoid harming healthy tissue. Plant tissue will heal on its own, but you can apply a pruning seal for extra protection.
Learn More About the Leaf tips withering more
close
plant poor
Leaf yellowing
Overview
Symptom
Causes
Treatment
Prevention
Active Period
What is Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
What is Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
Leaf yellowing in Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside' primarily indicates stress or disease, leading to a reduction in the plant's photosynthetic capacity and overall health. This condition may result in slower growth and, if untreated, potential death of the plant.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
In Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside', yellowing usually begins at older leaves before spreading. Signs include pale or yellow leaves, often combined with slowed growth and drooping leaves in severe cases.
What Causes Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
What Causes Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
1
Nutrient deficiency
Insufficient essential nutrients, particularly nitrogen, magnesium, and iron.
2
Water stress
Both underwatering and overwatering can contribute to leaf yellowing.
3
Pest infestation
Pests such as aphids and mites can cause stress and damage, leading to yellowing leaves.
4
Fungal infections
Fungi like root rot and mildew can disrupt nutrient uptake, causing symptoms of yellowing.
How to Treat Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
How to Treat Leaf yellowing Disease on Broad buckler fern 'Crispa Whiteside'?
1
Non pesticide
Proper watering: Ensure the soil is moist but well-drained to avoid water stress.

Nutrient management: Supplement with iron, nitrogen, and magnesium fertilizers as per soil test results.
2
Pesticide
Fungicide application: Use fungicides to control root rots and mildew.

Pesticide use: Apply appropriate pesticides to manage pests like aphids and mites.
Continue reading in our app - it's better
A database of 400000+ plants
unlimited guides at your fingertips...
close
Leaf rot
plant poor
Leaf rot
This pathogen can cause the leaves to rot.
Overview
Overview
Leaf rot is very common among both house plants and garden plants. It affects foliage and occurs mainly when the leaves become wet due to rain or misting by the gardener. The cause is fungal disease and this is facilitated by the fungal spores adhering to wet leaves then penetrating the leaf and expanding rapidly. Damp conditions and poor air circulation will increase chances of infection taking place. Another factor are leaves that are damaged or have been penetrated by sap sucking insects that facilitate plant penetration.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
  1. Spores are able to cling to a damp leaf and penetrate, often through an existing wound.
  2. A small dark brown mark appears which expands rapidly as sporulation starts to take place.
  3. Quite quickly these bull's eye like circles can link together and the whole leaf turns dark and loses texture.
  4. Leaf drop occurs.
Disease Cause
Disease Cause
These symptoms are caused by a bacterial infection invading the plant. Bacteria from many sources in the environment (air, water, soil, diseased plants) enter a plant through wounds, or in some cases the stomata when they are open. Once inside the leaf tissue, the bacteria feed and reproduce quickly, breaking down healthy leaves.
Bacterial infections threaten most plant species, and are more prominent in wet weather that more easily transfers the bacteria from plant to plant, or from soil to plant.
Solutions
Solutions
Bacterial infections need to be treated quickly to prevent the spread to neighboring, healthy plants, potentially wiping out large sections of your indoor or outdoor garden.
In mild cases: Use sterilized (10% bleach solution) pruning shears or scissors to remove any infected plant parts, making sure to dispose of them off site. Use a copper-based bactericide to treat the unaffected foliage, as well as the soil, and neighboring plants. Follow the manufacturer’s rate and timing directions found on the product label.
In severe cases, where more than half the leaves are affected: Remove all of the infected plants from the garden, disposing of them off site. Treat the soil and neighboring plants using a copper-based bactericide. Follow the manufacturer’s rate and timing directions found on the product label.
Prevention
Prevention
  1. Clean up garden debris at the end of the season, especially if it contains any diseased plant tissue. Diseases can overwinter from season to season and infect new plants.
  2. Avoid overhead watering to prevent transferring pathogens from one plant to another, and to keep foliage dry.
  3. Mulch around the base of plants to prevent soil-borne bacteria from splashing up onto uninfected plants.
  4. Sterilize cutting tools using a 10% bleach solution when gardening and moving from one plant to another.
  5. Do not work in your garden when it is wet.
  6. Rotate crops to prevent the buildup of bacteria in one site due to continuous cropping.
  7. Use a copper or streptomycin-containing bactericide in early spring to prevent infection. Read label directions carefully as they are not suitable for all plants.
  8. Ensure plants are well spaced and thin leaves on densely leaved plants so that air circulation is maximised.
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Leaf beetles
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Leaf beetles
Leaf beetles are a class of colored insects 1 to 2 cm in size. They gnaw on leaves and petals resulting in small, round holes scattered over the surface.
Overview
Overview
Leaf beetles range in size from 1.5 mm to 2 cm. Both adult beetles and their larvae eat the leaves of many different types of plants. There are over 35,000 different species of leaf beetles, in a variety of colors including gold, green, yellow-striped, and red striped. Some of these have been mistaken for ladybirds because of their shape and coloring. They can be oval, round, or elongated in shape. These insect pests are most active in spring and summer.
If not controlled, leaf beetles can do a lot of damage to vegetable crops and ornamental plants. They feed on the leaves, flowers, stems, roots, and fruits of different plants. They can fly, which means it's easy for them to move from one plant to another. Some species of leaf beetles only target one specific crop, while others will target many different types of plants. Although a lot of the damage that they cause is cosmetic, an infestation can weaken a plant and leave it prone to other more problematic diseases.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
The first signs of a leaf beetles infestation are small visible holes in leaves. Leaves then become discolored and dark beetle droppings can be seen. As the leaves turn yellow and brown, they will drop off the plant onto the ground. Some leaves will appear skeletonized with only the veins still remaining.
Infestation begins in spring, when the adult beetles emerge from the soil and lay their eggs on the leaves of plants. When these eggs hatch, the young nymphs start munching on the leaves as they grow up. Once leaf beetles are large and mature, they'll fall to the ground and pupate in the soil over winter before starting the cycle all over again.
Leaf beetles also eat holes in fruits and vegetables. These can be seen as small round holes that sometimes have a larger brown area surrounding them.
Solutions
Solutions
For less serious cases:
  1. Remove beetles, nymphs, and eggs. Remove all life stages of the beetles and kill them by placing them in a bucket of warm, soapy water. This can be done more easily by placing the bucket under affected leaves and shaking the plant. This method is most effective in the afternoon when leaf beetles are more active. Always dispose of insects in a sealed bag or container to avoid escape and spread.
To treat more serious infestations:
  1. Apply organic insecticides. Use naturally-derived insecticides before moving on to synthetic insecticides. Neem oil and pyrethrum are naturally-derived insecticides that should be applied following label instructions.
  2. Apply synthetic insecticides. Examples of insecticides effective for leaf beetles include carbaryl, permethrin, and bifenthrin. Apply insecticides according to label instructions.
Prevention
Prevention
To prevent infestations of leaf beetles, follow these practices.
  1. Regularly check for beetles. To prevent large pest infestations, be proactive about frequently checking plants for pests and removing them quickly.
  2. Clear debris. Clear weeds and debris to remove areas where these beetles may overwinter and hide.
  3. Attract natural predators. Birds and other insects, such as wasps and ladybugs, are effective natural predators of leaf beetles. Encourage them to visit by including a diverse array of plants to provide habitat and food. Also, avoid applying broad-spectrum herbicides that can harm and kill beneficial insects.
  4. Plant aromatic herbs like mint, garlic, or rosemary, as these can repel leaf beetles.
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Leaf tips withering
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Leaf tips withering
Low air humidity can cause the edges of the leaves to dry out.
Symptom Analysis
Symptom Analysis
The tips and the edges of the plants’ leaves are dried out and brown. They may be crunchy when touched. This is caused by low humidity and/or a lack of water.
Solutions
Solutions
If your plant has only a few dried tips, complete the following:
  1. Increase humidity. Increase the humidity around your plant by misting it with a spray bottle daily. Alternatively, you can use a humidifier.
  2. Water plant. If your soil is dry, water until the soil is moist but not damp. Water again when soil dries out.
If a large portion of the leaves is suffering from dry tips, complete the following:
  1. Prune away affected tissue. Using sharp and clean pruning shears, remove the dried out tips using clean cuts to avoid harming healthy tissue. Plant tissue will heal on its own, but you can apply a pruning seal for extra protection.
Prevention
Prevention
Many houseplants come from moist tropical areas with high humidity.
To prevent dry and brown tips, you should complete the following:
  1. Water regularly. Water when soil is dry.
  2. Keep humidity high. Keep moisture high by regularly misting the air or using a humidifier.
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